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The abundance of bacteria in liquid culture is commonly inferred by measuring optical density at 600 nm.
A rapid onset of endotoxin shock and DIC is commonly inferred with Gram-negative E. coli, especially in this case with detection of the multiple-antibiotic-resistant ESBL-producing bacteria, which produces endotoxin and generally enter the bloodstream and peritoneal pelvic cavity, causing high fever and acute lower abdominal pain.
The study in question noted that cooperative hunting of prey much larger than an individual predator, as is commonly inferred for theropod dinosaurs, is rare among vertebrates in general, and modern diapsid carnivores (including lizards, crocodiles, and birds) very rarely cooperate to hunt in such a way.
Although evidence of peripatric divergence is commonly inferred throughout archipelagos using traditional phylogenetic approaches (e.g. [ 16, 17]), examples from strictly mainland taxa are relatively rare.
Epidemiologic studies often use exposure information that is recalled or otherwise self-reported, and the suitability of such data for use in epidemiological analyses is commonly inferred from their agreement with measured values.
In the clinical setting, insulin resistance is commonly inferred via its adverse consequences, which include dysglycemia, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglycerides, and subclinical inflammation (collectively, the metabolic syndrome) (5).
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Past temperature changes in tropical mountain regions are commonly inferred from vertical elevational shifts of montane indicator taxa in the palynological record.
While the sedimentological and geomorphological influence of Palaeozoic embryophytes and other higher vegetation has been commonly inferred, the influence of the non-marine microbial matgrounds that preceded them has been less well studied.
The deformation mechanisms associated with mélange formation are commonly inferred on the basis of petrographic observations.
Oncogenic signaling pathways are commonly inferred by comparison with signatures derived from cell lines.
Viral phylogenies are commonly inferred from aligned molecular sequence data, using the information available in substitutions shared by descent [ 3- 6].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com