Comparative advantage is calculated by comparing value-added (i.e., revenues-tradable inputs) to the costs of local land, labour, and capital (i.e., domestic factors), which is why the PAM split costs into two columns: tradable inputs and domestic factors.
Productivity is calculated by comparing inputs and outputs.
In our extension, the optical flow of each frame is calculated by comparing the difference in the movement of all pixels between the current and previous frame.
The official government GDP statistic, however, is calculated by comparing how many goods and services were produced in 2017 ($18.6 trillion) with 2017 output ($18.1 trillion).
The index is calculated by comparing the number of pending sales with the level of 2001, when the index was formulated.
A sunscreen's SPF number is calculated by comparing the time needed for a person to burn unprotected with how long it takes for that person to burn wearing sunscreen.
A coarse quality score is calculated by comparing the DoG signals between the reference image and test image at each octave and scale.
In order to account for the long-term impacts of strategies, the firm-level change in financial and carbon performance is calculated by comparing two different points in time, namely 2008 and 2013.
It is simple to construct examples in which each system can be made to look more progressive than the other, depending on the distribution of incomes within and across households and on whether progressivity is calculated by comparing individuals or comparing households.
This is calculated by comparing performance with other similar hospitals.
This is calculated by comparing system operation costs with and without 100 MW freely-available FR.
