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Blackburn thinks that the only way to make this distinction is by reference to the truth: serious people care about it, whereas frivolous people do not.
"For companies that are not publicly traded — including most Chapter 11 debtors — the only way to measure beta is by reference to comparable companies". Id. at 435.
The government's only effort to defend the course of conduct is by reference to the legal education exception to Canon 3(a)(vi), and I think that claim is plainly without substance.
As my colleague Garance Franke-Ruta aptly analogized, "perhaps the best way to understand his campaign style is by reference to energy-efficient appliances, which spend a few moments a day in masterful and electric action, and the rest of the time whir along in quiet stand-by mode.
For the individual worker, as well as for the community as a whole, the practicable way of measuring the "labour costs" of production is by reference to the other products that might have been secured by means of the same labour or by reference to alternative uses of the time given to labour.
One way to understand this phrase is by reference to what a child would choose for herself under specified hypothetical circumstances.
Similar(44)
"Men and women decide who they are by reference to who and what they are not," Linda Colley writes in Britons, her history of the making of British identity.
…if the acceptable use of vast state powers is to be guaranteed, it cannot simply be by reference to the probity of its servants, the ingenuity of its enemies or current technical limitations on what it can do.
Region placement was by reference to an atlas of rodent brain [ 23].
In this context, continued U.S. references to the "democratic transition" in Egypt are problematic, especially when accompanied, as they often are, by references to "progress on Egypt's road map" and the "shared goals" of the U.S. and Egyptian governments.
The veracity of whether research questions were uncertain was checked by reference to published systematic reviews.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com