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ARHI is a complex, multifactorial trait that is attributable to confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a complex, multifactorial disorder that is attributable to confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
The extent to which the association between prenatal exposure to PCBs and birth weight is attributable to confounding by gestational weight gain has not been adequately considered.
Because rib occurred in 92% of capsular serotype III isolates and was found infrequently in other serotypes, and type III occurred more frequently among infants with invasive disease, it is likely that the association with CSF is attributable to confounding.
Given the weak associations between the covariates and ever-use of glyphosate and the weak or nonexistent relation between these variables and risk of multiple myeloma, it is unlikely that the change in RR from 1.1 to 2.6 is attributable to confounding.
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The higher mortality rates found in this population, in comparison to non-cancer critically ill patients, may be attributable to confounding bias due to a higher incidence of multiple organic dysfunction in those patiens with malignant neoplasms; however data regarding this hypothesis are scarce.
A further consideration is whether our findings are likely to be attributable to confounding.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that associations previously noted between PCB levels and birth weight may be attributable to confounding by maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
Because the daily medication habits of the participants did not change before or during the study, the observed associations are not likely to be attributable to confounding by medication use.
However, our results were robust to adjustments for a large range of sociodemographic, health behavior, and health status factors, making it less probable that they were attributable to confounding or obtained by chance.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate how much of the epidemiologic association between prenatal exposure to PFAS and reduced birth weight might be attributable to confounding by GFR.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com