This group used the specific inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases that has been shown to be a signal transduction element of the proinflammatory signaling cascade.
Recent studies have demonstrated that NF-κB signaling is a critical element of the homeostatic immuno-inflammatory function in the gut [22] and both deficiency in, or hyperactivation of this transcription factor are linked with pathologies such as chronic IBD or obesity [23], [24], [25], [26], [27].
Lastly, we suggest that ERK signaling is a shared element of the early wound response for animals with a high regenerative capacity.
where ξ j,k = j,k and x j, m t, n, p is a typical element of the transmitted signal tensor X ∈ ℂ J × M t × N × P. The block diagram of the receiver is depicted in Figure 2. We adopt a discrete-time baseband equivalent model for the received signal in the SFSM MIMO system, assuming perfect chip- and symbol-level synchronization at the receiver.
Since Erk is a downstream element of PLCγ signaling [13], the aforementioned results imply that L1-induced increases in neurite outgrowth may be dependent on the phospholipase Cγ/Erk signaling pathway as was previously shown, e.g. by Chen et al. [29] and Loers et al. [22].
The threonine kinase mTOR is a key element of the intracellular signalling pathways involved in tumour cell proliferation, growth, survival and angiogenesis.
The authors also concluded that IL-1/IL-1R mediated signaling is an important element of MyD88 dependent immune response and that IL-1/IL-1R mediated signal might be involved for the most part of MyD88-dependent host response to regulate acute Mtb infection.
Considering its proinflammatory activities and successful induction of anti-IL-17 for ameliorating arthritis in animal models [ 2, 6, 34- 36], understanding the IL-17 signaling pathway is an important element of developing new targeted therapies in RA.
We conclude that organellar nucleotide transport is an integral element of the ARC signaling cascade.
In a general manner, syntax element can be considered as a signaling element to indicate a set of macroblocks belonging to a slice group (index incremented by one) as depicted in Figure 3.
