There is evidence for the effectiveness of many forms of psychotherapeutic interventions for a range of disorders, and these interventions depend centrally on there being a basis for understanding between clinician and service user (1).
Age-related gene expression patterns of Homo sapiens as well as of model organisms such as Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster are a basis for understanding the genetic mechanisms of ageing.
The use of complex conceptual models, such as those based on programme theory, are a basis for understanding the complexity of the experience of health-care interventions within the wider social and cultural context of peoples' lives.
The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it a recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning.
5 6 To date there is no evidence-based and standardised list of contributory factors that can be used as a basis for understanding causation.
The kinetics of n-butyl mercaptan oxidation was studied as a basis for understanding the Merox process.
Persulfate dynamics in the presence of subsurface minerals was investigated as a basis for understanding persulfate activation for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO).
A study of the resistance to different types of stress carried out in yeast strains used for wine production (Ivorra et al. 1999) was used as a basis for understanding the physiology of ethanol-producing strains isolated from Brazilian sugarcane mills.
This can also be used as a basis for understanding the contextual factors that might influence the success or failure of the introduction of complex interventions into trials, opening up what has been called the 'black box' of the mechanisms of effect in such interventions [ 32].
As such, the reconstruction of the cranial morphology and functions of Hapalops presented here can be used as a basis for understanding the selective pressures channeling the evolution of later megatheroids, and the relative contribution of phylogenetic history and functional constraints to the trend toward increased size and possible changes in locomotor habits and habitats.
