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In spite of the growing evidence indicating contaminated irrigation water as a source of enteric pathogens during numerous produce-related outbreaks (15), the genomic diversity and distribution of Salmonella enterica in irrigation surface water are not well known.
An irrigation equipment industry was established, mainly in kibbutzim, which developed innovative technologies and accessories such as drip irrigation (surface and subsurface), automatic valves and controllers, media and automatic filtration, low-discharge sprayers and mini-sprinklers, compensated drippers and sprinklers.
Surface irrigation: Surface irrigation systems are based on the principle of moving water over the land by simple gravity in order to wet it, either partially or completely, before infiltrating.
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Regarding irrigation systems, surface, solid-set sprinkler and drip irrigated plots presented average ARIS values of 1.41, 1.16 and 0.65, respectively.
These indices are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, localized irrigation, spate irrigation, agricultural water withdrawal (10 km3/year), conservation agriculture area as percentage of cultivated area, percentage of area equipped for irrigation salinized, and area waterlogged by irrigation.
The effluents from CWs were reused in more than eight ways, such as for agricultural irrigation, supplying surface water, green belt sprinkling, etc.
The regional fault systems enhance the infiltration by permitting the return flow from irrigation and surface runoff to recharge the aquifer.
However, in all of the geomorphic areas, irrigation (from surface water or groundwater) improves agricultural production because it maintains the desired soil moisture during the dry season.
Thirty-two water samples were collected, including well water used for irrigation and surface water (holding ponds and nearby streams).
In most irrigation schemes, surface water from rivers is used.
Where this cannot be maintained manually, overhead sprinkler devices, drip irrigation or surface flooding is necessary.
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