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Irrigation provides the basis for human habitation, whether from traditional systems of underground aqueducts that drain the water-bearing substratum adjacent to runoff watercourses or from large networks of canals.
Drip irrigation provides greater efficiency in terms of water usage and energy.
Subsurface drip irrigation provides water to the plants around the root zone while maintaining a dry soil surface.
While irrigation provides an economic gain during drought years, it also increases operational costs for water supplies (Samarawickrema and Kulshreshtha 2008).
Applying harvested runoff water through supplemental irrigation provides the twin benefits of alleviating the prevailing slack periods and improving the yields of smallholder farming systems.
Comparing surface and drip irrigation systems, despite low cost, drip alternatives may lead to 28 35% water saving relative to improved graded furrows, and increase water productivity from 0.43 kg m−3 to 0.61 kg m−3, surface irrigation provides higher farm returns.
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Risks in soil salinity-sodicity allow the effluent to be reused for irrigation, provided that the effluent is not continuously applied.
We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.
Calicanto spate irrigation provided an effective landscape technology over more than 15 km2 and 3500 fields via a 65-km canal network, thus comprising the largest spate-irrigated area of Latin America.
Irrigation regime (I1: full irrigation and I2: limited irrigation) provided the whole-plot treatments with five fertilization strategies (F1: urea, F2: urea + composted manure (CM) with 0% (w/w) zeolite, F3: urea + CM with 7% zeolite, F4: urea + CM with 14% zeolite and F5: urea + CM with 21% zeolite) providing the sub-plots.
For instance, the concentration of people and livestock, and the introduction of irrigation provided mosquitoes ample hosts to spread infectious diseases.
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