In immobility-induced contractures, the capsule surrounding the joint has been identified as contributing to the irreversible limitation in ROM via capsular shortening, adhesive capsulitis, and/or arthrofibrosis [ 2].
At the same time, lung mechanics and cardiac performance are deeply dependent on each other and both may be responsible for exercise limitation, exertion dyspnoea, and poor quality of life in the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and lung hyperinflation.
These measures have been chosen to reflect the progression of mild asthma toward more severe asthma and the extent of irreversible airflow limitation, which should reflect the degree of airway remodeling.
COPD is typified by alveolar destruction, coughing/chronic mucus production, chronic inflammation, and protease imbalance which lead to irreversible airflow limitation and a progressive loss of lung function [30].
COPD is characterized by largely irreversible airflow limitation, mucus hypersecretion, small airway fibrosis, and destruction of the alveolar space (emphysema) [3].
COPD is a complex chronic lung disease characterised by irreversible airflow limitation in the lung, as clinically diagnosed by spirometric measurement using FEV1, and by lung parenchymal destruction, as clinically diagnosed by gas transfer measurement using KCO, in addition to radiological imaging.
COPD is defined as a disease characterized by progressive, irreversible airflow limitation and abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs [ 4].
COPD is a lung disease caused by the repeated exposure to a noxious agent resulting in irreversible airflow limitation.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation, abnormal permanent distal air-space enlargement and emphysema in the lungs.
In brief, all patients had irreversible airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms, and were current or ex-smokers with at least 20 pack-years of smoking.
