Based on the present study, it could be concluded that α-terpineol possess fungitoxic activities inhibiting the growth of P. digitatum, leading to the disruption of cell wall, and subsequently resulting in irreversible deleterious morphological alterations, disturbance of membrane structure, increase in membrane fluidity, leakage of ions and other cell contents.
In contrast, the consequences of exposure during organogenesis may result in irreversible deleterious developmental effects such as those observed after in ovo exposure to the pesticide DDT in birds (Fry 1995) and those observed after in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol in rodents and humans (Herbst and Anderson 1990; Newbold et al. 1990).
While we are beginning to put together a picture of the Earth's tipping points, the precise thresholds beyond which we risk irreversible change, deleterious for human societies, are as yet unknown.
During aging, irreversible and deleterious processes are triggered by accumulation of damaged cellular macromolecules [ 1, 2].
More precisely, because of their small effective population size, endosymbionts are subject to an irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations, known as Muller's ratchet, thereby evolving at an accelerated rate.
Incidents of racial profiling can have a deleterious and irreversible effect on a company, tarnishing their reputation and negatively impacting their bottom line.
Other studies have reported some slight effects on renal function for uranium exposure >300 μg/L [ 62, 63], effects that did not appear either deleterious or irreversible.
Although this study does not refute completely the irreversible accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations in nonrecombining mitochondrial genes, we argue that the rate of the Muller ratchet in modern mammalian mitochondrial genes is at least slower than that in the ecological equivalents of mitochondria, obligate intracellular endosymbionts.
One of the studies that demonstrated deleterious and mostly irreversible renal damage after chronic lithium therapy was that by Markowitz et al. (2000), which included 24 patients (average lithium treatment duration 13.6 years) with renal insufficiency.
This results in relaxed selective constraints in the symbiotic genomes and their channeling into a dynamic of neutral fixation of slightly deleterious mutations and irreversible increase in the endosymbiont genome mutational load (a phenomenon named Muller's ratchet [ 95]).
Scientists warn that if current patterns of energy use continue, planetary biophysical systems could be destabilized, triggering "abrupt or irreversible environmental changes that would be deleterious or even catastrophic for human well-being".
