While the costs associated with nonhuman primate studies is considerable, it can be argued that untold millions of dollars have already been spent supporting studies in probably inferior animal models, using irrelevant exposure paradigms given at the wrong life stages.
Climbing stairs, an irrelevant exposure for Dupuytren's disease, was also used as a 'control exposure' to check the lack of relationship.
On the other side, criticisms related to study design have been leveled at academic studies for using irrelevant exposure routes (NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction 2007).
Consequently, using cumulative measures of exposure that span the whole follow-up time may dilute the estimated effects because such measures combine both aetiologically relevant and irrelevant exposures (Rothman and Greenland, 1998).
However, statistical adjustment may not completely eliminate bias because it mixes the effects of relevant and irrelevant exposures, and exclusion of seafood consumers from analysis may lead to selection bias in populations where seafood consumption is common.
After eliminating duplicate manuscripts and manuscripts concerning noncancer outcomes, irrelevant exposures, or secondary analyses, we identified 14 new publications, in addition to the IARC Monograph published in 2010, to consider when prioritizing research opportunities.
Is mere task-irrelevant exposure to a stimulus truly sufficient for perceptual learning?
The extent to which such inflammation is eosinophilic in nature or not is irrelevant since exposure to pollutants can raise NO production by eliciting changes in oxide synthase but also though oxidative stress[ 10, 27].
> -wrap-foot> The main effect of "placebo" during the test sequence, defined as the neural activation during "low cue versus "control cue" trials, irrelevant of exposure type, revealed increased activation in the rostral ACC (rACC) (Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates [9, 26, −8]); a commonly reported region in placebo analgesia (Bingel et al. 2006; Kong et al. 2006).
The main effect of "nocebo" during the test sequence, defined as the pain response during "high cue" versus "control cue" trials, irrelevant of exposure type, revealed increased activation in several regions involved in nociceptive processing, for example, ACC, bilateral insula, thalamus, and brainstem.
Additionally, many of these studies used toxic dose levels and/or irrelevant routes of exposure.
