At brighter irradiances, light duration seems unlikely to be a critical factor for phase delay, since Adcyap1+/+ mice show maximal amplitudes of phase delay after a short (5 min) light pulse, consistent with a previous report [29].
Mirroring this molecular response, high-irradiance light pulses greater than 1 hr cease to have a phase-shifting effect upon the murine clock.
To prevent electromagnetic interference, the timing and irradiance of light stimuli in the cabinets was provided by a custom overhead fiber-optic and light source system (Schott AG, Mainz, Germany).
Some authors showed degree of conversion is directly related to the radiant exposure (Radiant exposure = Irradiance × Light exposure) delivered to the material [27, 28].
As the visible part of solar irradiance, natural light has a close relationship with solar irradiance.
The differences in depth range of Symbiodinium C3n-t between these studies (southern GBR, depth generalist; northern GBR, deep specialist) may reflect latitudinal variation in surface irradiance and light attenuation (with lower irradiance levels recorded on the southern GBR [68]).
The photocurrent density and hydrogen generation rate was found to be 4.0 mand−2 and 150 μmol cm−2 h−1 for carbon doped titania nanotube array of lengths 13.5 μm in 1 M NaOH electrolyte solution under 1.5AM solar irradiance of white light with illumination intensity of 100 mWcm−2.
PST is equal to the ratio of stray light irradiance in the desired location to light irradiance at different angles relative to the optical axis at the entrance aperture of the optical system [16, 27, 32].
Even if we have chosen to apply a moderate light irradiance to the cultures, to reproduce at the best the natural irradiance conditions, two main differences persist.
