NaCl could, to a limited extend, be replaced by KCl at a similar osmolality (521 mOsm) (not shown) but could not be replaced by sucrose (Figure 4E), indicating an ionic requirement in the stimulation.
Even with the HA concentrations normalized to 50 ppm, however, the ionic strength requirements were high in these cases.
The ionic strength requirements were determined by heating the solution to 70°C (above the CP in all cases) and maintaining this temperature.
In case of bulk materials, all the bonding requirements (ionic, covalent, or metallic) of the material constituent atoms are filled by other atoms in the material.
Given the relative impermeability of the BNI, it is not surprising that exchange of several solutes depends on the presence of specific pumps, transporters, enzymes and receptors designed to meet the metabolic, ionic and other requirements of nerve [for review see 5].
The requirement for ionic regulation continues in the adult and, indeed, ionocyte-like cells have been described in adult frog skin, which has been used as a model for epithelial V-ATPase-dependent Na+ transport for many years (Ehrenfeld, 1998; Ehrenfeld and Klein, 1997).
The excellent basic buffer action of Tris (between 7.1 and 9.0; pKa = 8.07 at 25 °C) ideally suits the reducing requirement and its ionic form acts as stabilizing agent, eliminating the requirement of additional stabilizer (polymers/surfactants) and base.
The gas-tightness and high ionic conductivity of the electrolyte are essential requirements for realization of high efficiency and stable operation of solid oxide fuel cells.
This new development removes the requirement of low ionic strength of the solvent in a previous result [S.
