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Osmotic and ionic regulation in fishes is under hormonal control.
Ionic regulation is the maintenance of the concentrations of the various ions in the body fluids relative to one another.
Whereas the kidney is the principal organ subserving both nitrogenous excretion and osmotic and ionic regulation in the mammalian body, these functions are not always performed by a single organ in other animals.
But by reason of their permeable skins they may have serious problems of osmotic and ionic regulation, especially in fresh water, where cells covering the surface of the body have the ability to actively transport salts into or out of the animal.
Osmotic and ionic regulation in the Crustacea is mostly accomplished by the multifunctional gills, together with the excretory organs.
Therefore, this branchial Na+/K+-ATPase appears to be one of the central players in osmotic and ionic regulation generally in crabs.
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Potassium plays a vital role in: photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthates, protein synthesis, control of ionic balance, regulation of plant stomata and water use, activation of plant enzymes and, many other processes.
Furthermore, the overrepresentation of functional categories related to the nervous system in these genes might indicate that, unlike the system of ionic homeostasis regulation (Additional file 1: Table S10), the sensory system of tetrapods may have experienced remodeling, which modified it from the system observed in fish.
Initially responsive gene clusters generally performed functions in "transcription regulation", "ionic transport", and "transmembrane transport".
The gills had the highest metal concentrations during long term exposure, due to their intimate contact with the environment and their importance as an effecter of ionic and osmotic regulation.
Our findings present a comprehensive view of the kinetic transitions responsible for the regulation of ionic currents in Shaker K+, suggesting that S1 and the S1-T1 linker play a critical role communicating voltage stimuli to the intracellular domains.
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