With high-K+ within the patch pipette and low-K+ in the extracellular medium, Gardos channel mediated hyperpolarization increases the driving force for inward movement of K+ ions from the pipette solution to the cell interior.
Reduction in luminal osmolarity relative to plasma would be predicted to increase the driving force favouring inward flow.
The outward eIPSCs recorded with the KGluc electrodes were smaller than the inward eIPSCs because of the smaller driving force, but otherwise the recording conditions were the same.
Moreover we found that membrane depolarization, which increases the driving force for Cl− in the inward direction, has a strongly depressive effect on EPSP amplitude (Figure 1A, C; the mean reversal potential of mixed PSPs was −62.03±1.37 mV, n = 22).
It is well known that TRPM4 activation by high [Ca2+] i leads to an inward current and the subsequent depolarization can limit the driving force for calcium ions via voltage and non-voltage-gated calcium channels.
The high nitrogen activity in the surface region was the driving force for outward transport of titanium and inward transport of tungsten in the cobalt binder.
Because under these experimental ionic conditions, the driving force of the reversed NCXpm is limitless, the inward current observed at negative potentials is highly unlikely to reflect the forward mode of the exchanger.
NKCC1 transport is electroneutral, with the driving force for ion influx being in part supplied by the inward Na+ gradient and maintained by Na/K-ATPase [23].
Furthermore, because TRPML currents are strongly rectifying at the inward direction, cellular cues can also regulate TRPML-mediated Ca2+ release by modulating lysosomal ∆ψ a driving force for Ca2+ release (Cheng et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2010a, b).
Who will have the driving force?
Instead, it became the driving force.
