Despite the many foreign contacts made during the Ming period, cultural developments were characterized by a generally conservative and inward-looking attitude.
Interviewing political scientist Gilles Kepel for radio station RMC and news channel BFM TV, Bourdin drew parallels between Le Pen's party and IS, saying the two movements shared an "inward-looking attitude" and "mindset".
And attitudes to inward direct investment have undergone a transformation.
Nor, he adds, can we afford to let the Iranians, the North Koreans and the Chinese conclude from our attitude that we are turning inward, becoming, as the title of Nasr's new book puts it, "The Dispensable Nation".
He has the seething stoicism of Jamey Johnson, with a touch of Waylon Jennings's attitude; most of his tension is directed inward though.
Seligman (1998) stated that the individuals who have positive attitude towards incidents, an internal stability, global attribution and inward steadiness are optimists they are also called task accomplisher and those who behave like unstable, shows negative attitude are pessimist.
"They are laughing at us and despise us for our fall," he says.Such views, and the xenophobia they reflect, are still common, in public attitudes and protectionist, inward-looking laws and rules on everything from foreign ownership to visas.
Mr Bergsten compliments the United States for its perspicacity in forging PTAs that can be opened wider in due course emphasising America's leadership, to be contrasted with the less public-spirited attitudes of the "inward-looking" EU.
"Your focus turns inward.
