Electric power transmitted over large distances from generating plants to users involves voltages that vary sinusoidally in time, at a frequency of 60 hertz (Hz) in the United States and Canada and 50 hertz in Europe.
Low-frequency pacemaking of DA neurons mainly involves voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (Puopolo et al., 2007).
It is difficult to reason about a circuit if one lacks skill in rudimentary quantitative computations that involve voltage, resistance, current, etc.
The transformer equivalent circuit is a fundamental basis for transformer calculations involving voltage drop or regulation under various load conditions (short circuit currents, tap settings, power factor, and load currents).
Nevertheless, relaxing effects on KCl-induced contractions provides a rapid screening for possible relaxing mechanisms that may involve voltage gated calcium channels [ 21- 23].
Many applications of electricity and magnetism involve voltages that vary in time.
Signaling in these systems is based on fast and accurate propagation and conductance of action potentials involving voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) (Hille, 2001; Meech and Mackie, 2007).
Furthermore, the τ-voltage relationship could be fitted by parameters describing a 2-state kinetic scheme involving voltage-dependent rates: a forward (inactive to active) rate α and the reverse rate β.
This suggests that only the reversal of inhibition of the channel, but not the inhibition itself, involves a voltage-dependent mechanism.
The isoelectric focusing program involved a voltage ramp (rapid) to a maximal voltage of 10,000 V during 3 h, and a total focusing of 40,000 Volt-hours (Vh).
To define the approximate reversal potential of the current involved, we voltage-clamped cells and performed voltage ramp protocols.
