Structure and mutational analyses have established a catalytic mechanism involving the polarization of the N-glycosidic bond by a conserved histidine to make it susceptible for nucleophilic attack, and the positioning and deprotonation of a water molecule by a conserved catalytic aspartate, which then attacks the C1 of the deoxyribose (Fig. 2) (Mol et al. 1995; Slupphaug et al. 1996).
More recently, accumulating evidence supports a role for the non-canonical WNT planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a signaling cascade involved in the polarization of cells during tissue remodeling, and cell adhesion and motility, in cancer progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [ 26- 28].
CCL22 specifically attracts Th2 and Treg cells, showing that alternative macrophages are also involved in the polarization of T cell responses [21].
In C. elegans, dpy-19 is involved in the polarization of neuroblasts (Honigberg and Kenyon, 2000).
This Drosophila small monomeric RAB GTPase is also involved in the polarization of the microtubules for the organization of the posterior pole and for oskar localization there [ 69].
In addition, CCL2 is involved in the polarization of Th2 cells and therefore is associated with the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma [ 29, 30].
Second, the impaired ability of DCs from animal 5-LO−/− to secrete cytokines is involved in the polarization of naïve CD4 T cells to the Th17 profile.
We speculate that this mutation modulates the expression and regulation of cytokines or other molecules involved in the polarization of Th1 responses.
This anterior-posterior polarity requires the activity of the par genes, which are a conserved group of genes involved in the polarization of many cell types (Cox et al. 2001a, b; Huynh et al. 2001a, b).
We examined whether caspase-8 was involved in the polarization of BMDMs to classically activated M1 macrophages that are proinflammatory or to alternatively activated M2 macrophages that are necessary for repair.
