Measurement and transmission of flow rate of a conducting liquid through a pipe line is generally done by using electromagnetic flow meter which consists of a large electromagnet and a pair of sensing electrodes along with electronic system and involves large cost and size.
Second, his broader policy goals, including the partial privatization of Social Security -- which is clearly on his agenda for a second term -- would involve large costs that were not included even in those unrealistic projections.
However its application involves large computational costs.
However, this solution involves large infrastructure costs and operating expenses.
The use of PDE-constrained optimization techniques in combination with transient three-dimensional turbulent flow simulations such as Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) or Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) involves large computational cost and memory resources.
The latter implies that new technology, which involves larger information/transactions costs are less likely to be adopted by smaller farmers.
The Swatch Group dominates Swiss watchmaking, with a 45% market share, in part because the industry involves large investments and high fixed costs.
Such changes, however, may take many years and involve large sunk costs and significant learning [105], [106].
(Others have argued, however, because farmer adaptation to climate change may take many years and involve large sunk costs [106], a change in water yield on rainfed cropland will have, at least in the short run, a negative affect on productivity).
