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We revisit these arguments and show that the social loss should be calculated by taking into account that: (a) pure economic loss often involves impairment costs resulting from the fact that valuable resources cannot be temporarily used and (b) the third-party earnings come at the cost of increased capacity.
Granulomatous pathology is a hallmark of both CGD and TB and the pathophysiology of inflammation in CGD involves impairment of a superoxide-dependent step in tryptophan metabolism [48].
These results indicate that Yokukansan is effective against ER stress-induced neuronal toxicity that involves impairment of calcium homeostasis, but not apoptotic stimuli that do not cause ER stress.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy also involves impairment of myocardial autonomic neurons and direct neuronal damage to afferent and efferent fibers, leading to cardiac autonomic dysregulation and silent myocardial infarction [ 8].
Leptin resistance that involves impairment in leptin transport, leptin signaling, and/or the neurocircuitry of energy balance is a risk factor for obesity (Morris and Rui 2009).
The so called "new BPD" is a lung development problem that involves impairment of alveolarisation which results in large, simplified alveolar structures, dysmorphic capillary configuration and variable interstitial cellularity and/or fibroproliferation [ 2].
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The prefrontal area involves impairments in executive and planning functions, while the temporal areas involve memory and learning.
Autistic disorder also involves impairments of communication, but these are much broader, affecting pragmatics, i.e., the appropriate use of language in context, as well as nonverbal communication.
DISC1 has been reproducibly linked to psychiatric disorders involving impairment of cognitive function, particularly schizophrenia [3].
Complement deficiencies associated with several clinical diseases involving impairment of the immune system have been recognized.
Our results indicate that healthy aging of the lung does not involve impairment of proteasome function.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com