Whether or not each case actually involved bias, the possibility has furnished an additional agonizing layer of second-guessing for many as their job searches have dragged on.
At the time of the arrest, police officers did not realize that the confrontation might have involved bias.
The most recent F.B.I. count, for 2010, reports 6,628 "criminal incidents" involving bias — instances where local authorities judged that the offender was motivated by hatred of a particular group.
"These indictments send the message that crimes involving bias and prejudice on Staten Island will be thoroughly investigated and vigorously prosecuted by this administration and that anyone who engages in this kind of criminal behavior will face the appropriate consequences," Mr. Donovan, a Republican who took office in January, said in a written statement.
Do you really think that having another law in the books is really going to make that point?" Hate crime advocates dismiss this view and point to the statistics: More than 6,000 criminal incidents involving bias occurred in 2010, and attacks against gay people accounted for nearly a fifth of these, according to the FBI.
Although artificially sweetened beverages and fruit juice also showd positive associations with incidence of type 2 diabetes, the findings were likely to involve bias.
Mr. McCain and Mr. Grassley had raised similar concerns about a $1.4 billion settlement in 2003 with several Wall Street firms involving biased reports by research departments.
In New Jersey, the cases involving bias-intimidation crimes that have carried long sentences have generally involved violence — for example, where a defendant physically assaults someone while using a racial slur.
Virtually every investigator evaluating these techniques has noted that all methods used to estimate fish density involve biases of some kind [4], [12] [15].
However, both methodologies have their own flaws [54] and when these artifacts are not considered stereological 3D analyses could involve biases of up to 80% [55] while the consideration of potential confounders leaves 2D methods 2% short of brain section reconstructions [56].
