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The increased involvement of animals in digital technology and user-computer research opens up for new possibilities and forms of interaction.
However, while bubonic plague is usually transmitted by bites from rat-borne fleas and can be treated with antibiotics, pneumonic plague can be inhaled and transmitted between humans without involvement of animals or fleas.
However, current regulatory frameworks for the involvement of animals in research are not animal-centred, regarding them as research instruments, unable to consent to procedures that may harm them, rather than consenting research participants and design contributors.
There was no involvement of animals and humans for sample taking as the study was conducted on milk samples taken from containers which were ready for sale on non-standardized market systems.
There was no involvement of animals or humans for sample taking, as this study was conducted on milk samples taken from containers which were ready for sale in non-standardized market systems.
Smollett-Bell couldn't reveal too much else, but did hint at the involvement of animals and "some biting".
Similar(53)
Participatory epidemiology (PE) is an evolving branch of veterinary epidemiology which uses a combination of practitioner communication skills and participatory methods to improve the involvement of animal keepers in the analysis of animal disease problems, and the design, implementation and evaluation of disease control programmes and policies.
Some of the hESC lines have been banked (cryopreserved) under good laboratory practice procedures with minimal involvement of animal components [ 15- 17].
However, the West African outbreak yielded the characteristics of a stage-4 pathogen, that is, an infectious disease that exists in animals and that infects humans cyclically by primary transmission from animal host, but that also undergoes long sequences of secondary transmission between humans, without the involvement of animal hosts.
At present, the involvement of domestic animals (e.g., dogs and cats) or wild animals coexisting in urban areas (e.g., opossums) maintains R. felis infection in nature.
Nevertheless, the possible involvement of other animals in the sylvatic transmission of L. tropica infection is not yet fully understood.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com