Cell cycle progression was due to G0/G1 arrest, which involved increased expression of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1, and decreased expression of cyclin D1.
In the present study, we demonstrated that the RT-induced inflammatory response involved increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-6 and increased MPO activity, consistent with previous studies [ 22, 23, 27].
The shared response between helminth infection and allergic asthma involves increased expression of cell cycle-related genes.
Upregulation of OXPHOS genes seems to involve increased expression of PGC-1α, and may occur via an increase in adiponectin, a direct effect of TZD on muscle PPAR gamma, and/or via an improved insulin action on mitochondrial biogenesis.
Specifically, Woods and colleagues have demonstrated that while RhoA activation inhibits chondrogenic differentiation, Rac1 promotes it, and this mechanism involves increased expression of N-cadherin as well as increased cell-cell contacts in cellular condensations [84].
In conclusion, our study suggests that one potential mechanism of acquired resistance to cetuximab involves increased expression of HB-EGF, and that HB-EGF is regulated by miR-212 and may have an active role in inducing EMT.
In the case of Ras-dependent cancer mouse models, the programmed senescence of premalignant lesions is activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, which inhibits Ras through feed-back pathways involving increased expression of SPROUTY proteins, Ras GTPase activating proteins, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 [10].
In recent years, we and others have hypothesised that the adaptive phase II response, which involves increased expression of destoxification and antioxidant genes, might be a feasible therapeutic target to reduce or stop neuronal death and inflammation in the basal ganglia of PD patients.
Interestingly, resistance to anti-VEGF treatment has been shown to involve increased expression of PDGF-C [ 250].
iii) This recruitment of bystander cells involves feed-forward signal amplification, involving increased expression of RANKL, RANK, and c-Met (Fig. 7C and D).
These physiological responses involve increased expression of the targets of these inhibitors, digestive trypsins and chymotrypsins, and the expression of less-sensitive isoforms.
