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Computational evidence indicates that formation of MIR163 through inverted duplication of SAMT methyltransferase-like sequences also involved duplication of the gene-of-origin promoter [46].
As recent human evolution may have involved duplication more than alteration at single nucleosides, in addition to the fact that brain size and function evolved in hominines, one might well expect that relatively more material duplicated in the genome is expressed in the human brain; some research supports this expectation [50].
The Hox chromosomes are now known to have involved duplication of more than 50 gene families [ 10- 12].
Little is known about the nature of the biological mechanisms underpinning handedness/cerebral lateralization (although McManus 24, 43 speculated that it may have involved duplication and modification of mechanisms originally responsible for situs lateralization).
The next step of evolution might have involved duplication of the RRM portion of the polymerase followed by inactivation that produced the ancestral, Cas7-like RAMP or a recruitment of a distinct RRM-domain protein that became the ancestral RAMP.
Other cases of origin by descent also involved duplication events, such as AAT1 where an orthologous set is sister clade to a number of gene duplicates in L. major, and AAT5, where the locus is arrayed in T. brucei, but a singleton in T. cruzi.
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Elongation of the cluster involved duplications of a Bx2-like CYP71C gene and neofunctionalizations that involved positive selection at few distinct sites of these P450 enzymes.
But it said: "The current architecture of the health system has developed piecemeal, involves duplication and is unwieldy.
In this subsection, we will discuss the notion characterised by the platitude involving duplication.
Genome replication in multicellular organisms involves duplication of both the genetic material and the epigenetic information stored in DNA and histones.
In 4 instances involving duplication mutations adjacent to exon 45 it was not possible to unequivocally determine whether the Dp140 promoter had been included in the duplication and these samples were excluded from this analysis.
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