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One of the hypotheses we wanted to test was whether functional divergence between the different GroEL copies also involved a divergence in their coevolutionary patterns with known GroEL protein clients.
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This is a property that cannot be guaranteed in the zone centered discretizations that are favored in Godunov schemes without involving a divergence cleaning step.
Rather than imagining that speciation means turning lions into tigers, or bears into cows, or fish into humans, they will see that speciation involves a subtle divergence in the evolutionary trajectories taken by populations.
The greatest area of divergence involved a strong UK push for complete nuclear disarmament as a long term goal, including using verification measures in P5 countries.
Thus, since a system involves an exponential divergence of nearby trajectories only if it is a K-system, it is concluded that (merely) ergodic and mixing systems are not chaotic whereas K- and B-systems are.
These data, together with the results of our phylogenetic analysis, strongly suggest that the evolution of the two invertase outparalogs in Ceratocystis involved divergence from a common ancestor by the loss and gain of motifs at their N-terminals to ultimately yield a cell wall and a vacuolar invertase.
The low diversity in the sequences recovered for both taxa however indicates that incomplete lineage sorting is a likely cause for this pattern, in particular the processes involved in divergence of peripheral isolates as a result of founder effects [17], [18].
Functional divergence type II involves a change of the ancestral amino acid at a particular amino acid site of the protein after gene duplication.
The rate of coincident divergence along path II is higher at amino acid sites where divergence along path I involves a pair of chemically dissimilar amino acids.
Identifying the classes of genes under divergent selection provides insight into the factors most strongly involved in divergence among these hybridizing taxa, but warrants future direct investigation of the role of ecological factors in speciation and maintenance of species boundaries.
A method based on midpoint interpolation is proposed to remove in physical space the static grid point errors involved in divergence forms.
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