Sentence examples for involved a bottleneck from inspiring English sources

However, this was likely to be rare since phage densities only approached those of hosts late during flask growth, and each transfer involved a bottleneck to a smaller population size such that co-infected hosts would be subject to strong sampling effects.

A transmission event involves a bottleneck: N B cells are randomly sampled from the host and passed to the susceptible individual.

Although the initial Bythotrephes invasion may have involved a genetic bottleneck (based on analysis of neutral genetic variation; Colautti et al. 2005), their rapid spread soon after invasion (Mills et al. 1993) as well as evidence for multiple introductions and gene flow among introduced populations (Colautti et al. 2005) all suggest genetic variation in the Bythotrephes population may be high.

The domestication of tepary bean involved a severe genetic bottleneck event, leading to a particularly low level of genetic diversity in the crop [46] [48].

The performance of RaQ is evaluated by simulations and the results demonstrate that RaQ AQM is stable and robust under various scenarios including cases involving non-TCP traffic types (UDP and HTTP) and a case involves a multiple bottleneck topology.

Introduction events may involve a population bottleneck because the number of initial colonists is often small [18], [23].

The model that best fitted our data involves a substantial bottleneck among non-Africans (Figure 3C, 2≤βOoA≤20 giving the highest ψ1 and the only significant comparison after correction for multiple testing when all values of ψ1 are compared with the ψ1 of the constant size model, P<0.01), rejecting significantly a constant population size model for these populations.

The performance of IAPI is evaluated by simulations and the results demonstrate that it is stable and robust under various scenarios including cases involving different types of background traffic (UDP and HTTP) and a case involving a multiple bottlenecks.

The rapid breakdown of LD in V. vinifera, together with the presence of shared polymorphism between V. vinifera and wild Vitis species, suggests that grapevine domestication did not involve a severe population bottleneck.

We also investigated a version of this scenario where the bottleneck always involves a single clone.

Moreover, assuming an average measurement error of 0.1, we cannot reject the assumption that the bottleneck always involves a single clone.