The critical measures of learning involve within-subject comparisons, while differences in mean reaction-times due to age are expected but not relevant here.
The results validate that the statistical power increases with increasing Cronbach α even for two-sample testing in cross-sectional settings that does not involve within-group effects.
Another might involve within-population studies of temporal shifts in the shapes of univariate or bivariate norms of reaction (Hutchings 2011).
Assessment of hypotheses H1 and H3 involve within-therapist comparisons only and therefore the precision loss from clustering by therapist does not apply, yielding greater power (90%) for these comparisons.
For example, scenarios (i) to (iv) involve within-study variances similar in size to the between-study variances, as observed in prognostic studies [ 10], and in scenario (vi) there is one relatively low and one relatively high between-study variance, as for the CD4 dataset.
It is difficult to say precisely why our island-ES should be more reliable than a pLSA; both involve within-processor means of landscape searching (mutation/recombination in the piES, move generation in pLSA), and both of them involve a process by which solutions propagate from processor to processor (migration in the piES, mixing of states in pLSA).
Navigation possibilities (e) must also be considered: this involves within-item navigation, which for CBA means scrolling and clicking.
Thus the incorporation of intact neighbour regulators is more frequent than recombination involving within-gene fragments.
Only two such conflicts were found, one previously reported [ 14], both of which involved within-family relationships.
Thereafter, an iterative process of constant comparison involving within-case and across-case review was used to refine and reveal further themes [ 32].
