Schistosoma spp. have an indirect lifecycle involving obligatory alternation of generations between mammalian definitive and molluscan intermediate hosts.
Their original model postulated that "antibody induction involves obligatory recognition of two determinants of an antigen by different antibody molecules".
A similar system, involving obligatory cooperation in yeast, explored the range of conditions that give rise to sustainable two-way codependence [ 40].
Schistosomes, the causative agents, are parasitic bloodflukes (Phylum: Platyhelminth; Class: Trematoda) with indirectly transmitted life-cycles involving obligatory alternation of generations between sexual reproduction in a mammalian host and asexual reproduction within a molluscan (freshwater snail) host (Fig. 1).
Schistosomes, the causative agents, are parasitic bloodflukes (Phylum: Platyhelminth; Class: Trematoda) with indirectly transmitted life-cycles involving obligatory alternation of generations between sexual reproduction in a mammalian host and asexual reproduction within a molluscan (freshwater snail) host.
The regulatory role of class B genes in some model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus involves obligatory heterodimerization of proteins from the DEF and GLO lineages [ 27, 29, 36].
"You always think you've heard it all and seen it all, and there is always something new to surprise you," Prince said, apparently having missed literally every stoner comedy ever made, since they all involve an obligatory scene about pot brownies.
However, the steps of the intracellular life cycle in mammalian hosts that involve the obligatory egress of Leishmania amastigote forms from host cells in order to the spread to new host cells and other tissues (tropism) and organisms are likely the least known aspect of the biology of this parasitic protozoan.
We wanted to capture the core of the day when it could be considered most people (young people and adults) would be involved in obligatory activities.
So whereas rain might not deter offenders from operating in the middle of the day, people involved in obligatory activities are also in public space as potential victims.
