However, several theories have been proposed and can be divided into two main groups namely, peripheral theories with mechanisms involving a dysfunction in cervical spinal nerves (predominantly C3 root) and central theories in which the underlying mechanisms would involve a dysregulation of brainstem trigemino-autonomic circuits.
Finally, based on the assumption that BMS involves a dysfunction of the dopaminergic central nervous system, anti-epileptic drugs have been investigated [136].
It is well known that pathophysiology of depression involves a dysfunction in monoamine neurotransmitter circuits in the central nervous system [ 2].
With regard to the current pathophysiology of ADHD as involving a dysfunction of the neurotransmitter systems, IDA significantly disturbed the development and functioning of norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems.
The disturbances of ADHD disorder seem to be associated with an alteration of the dopaminergic system, that is, it is involved with mechanisms of attention and they seem to involve a frontal-lobe dysfunction and basal ganglia areas [3, 13].
Autonomic nervous system imbalance after activation of pulmonary reflexes is most probably the responsible mechanism for acute effects of PM on BP, whereas systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction involve a longer time of onset (Brook et al. 2009).
Such neuronal dysfunctions may involve a glutamatergic deficit in cerebellar subregions of schizophrenic patients.
Interestingly, EC dysfunction was found to involve a CD18-dependent neutrophil adherent mechanism.
Based on these data we speculate that in pathophysiological conditions, that involve lysosomal dysfunction, a similar impairment of Cbl transport may also occur and that could contribute to down-stream changes in Cbl utilization.
"Age-associated erectile dysfunction involves a decrease in nitric oxide availability and impaired relaxation," wrote scientists who found a potential treatment for erectile dysfunction in spider venom, a toxin that boosts available nitric oxide.
