"Culture" is a word activists like to deploy nowadays — there's "rape culture" to condemn or a "culture of respect" to strive for — and sometimes it can sound like a vague or lazy way to invoke how power or discrimination work.
"Where we stand against the hate[ful] rhetoric coming from the Republicans, where we say to Donald Trump, 'Basta!'" At an evening rally on Staten Island, Clinton also invoked how the city came together after the attacks on September 11 2001, to push back against Texas senator Ted Cruz's mockery of "New York values".
"The need to invoke how things would look to 'any other fair and impartial spectator,'" says Sen, "is a requirement that can bring in judgments that would be made by disinterested people from other societies as well" (Sen 2009: 125).
"This wasn't about whether article 50 will be invoked, but how," said one.
Whether or not there are one-many or many-one relations between different hierarchical levels turns on the nature of the hierarchy invoked and how it is characterized.
Our approach to revealing and characterizing the plausibility of each account is to "unpack" the set of explanations they invoke, noting how much each strains credulity in view of the data at hand and wider knowledge of the relevant science.
Sarkozy invokes Napoleon spirit How appropriate that Nicolas Sarkozy should choose Toulon as the setting from which to deliver a speech dashing David Cameron's hopes of averting a new European Union treaty.
Furthermore, it may be easier for parties to agree about things like relocating cattle and suppressing wildfires (shared cognition), than about fire risk mitigation, which invokes judgments about how well people manage land and protect others from risk.
Done in sweats, it suggests jazzercise, just as earlier moments have invoked amateurish how-to demonstrations.
The orchestration of such heterogeneous problem solvers can be divided into two subproblems: (1) When and how are various reasoning modes invoked? and (2) How is information passed between various reasoning modes?
