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At present, there is no clear definition of the reference point for the decision to invoke precautionary measures.
That is, in addition to scientific data, knowledge gained from the practical experience of professionals and risk perceptions of lay people are seen as a valid basis for making decisions about when to invoke precautionary measures (e.g., Gee and Stirling 2003; Tickner 2003).
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Whether public risk perception should be a stimulus for invoking precautionary measures in risk management is a sensitive question (Goldstein and Carruth 2004).
Sometimes that intuition leads researchers to invoke the Precautionary Principle, to wit, when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if causal relationships have not been fully established.
They are the central reason that opponents of genetically engineered food invoke the precautionary principle, which argues that potential risks must always be given more weight than possible benefits.
Some arguments against same-sex marriage invoke a precautionary principle urging that changes which might affect child welfare be made with extreme caution.
Additionally, some regulators invoke the "Precautionary Principle" when limited information is available or disputes over interpretation exist for possible contaminants, including mycotoxins.
The government, in its duty to prevent hazards, may invoke the precautionary principle if scientific uncertainty excludes a clear evidence-based decision, or if available data are inconclusive or contradictory.
A common but problematic response to EID threats has been to invoke the precautionary principle.
In these cases, the precautionary principle is already considered, and the taking of further-reaching measures whilst invoking the precautionary principle is difficult in legal terms [23].
In 1999 Australia and New Zealand invoked the precautionary principle in their suit against Japan for its alleged overfishing of southern bluefin tuna.
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