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When reversing the display (Inverted condition), CoP excursions were not significantly different from the Control condition, suggesting that the optical flow was not sufficient to enhance body oscillations.
The Inverted condition was designed to distinguish between postural contagion and optical flow effects because of the well described inversion-related impairment in biological motion perception [19], [20].
In the Inverted condition, body kinematics was violating the gravitational force field, and the stimulus was more similar to a stable pendulum instead of the unstable inverted one characterizing bipedal human posture [17], [31].
We recorded participants' body sway while they observed a fixation cross (Control condition), an Upright point-light display of a gymnast balancing on a rope (Upright condition), and the same point-light display presented upside down (Inverted condition).
For the Inverted condition, i) subjects who had seen the Upright presentation before (group Up-first, 9 out of 18 subjects) identified the Inverted stimulus as being the same as the Upright one; ii) subjects who had seen the Inverted stimulus first did not identify the action performed by the model (group Inv-first, 9 out of 18 subjects).
In contrast, for the inverted condition, we found a main effect of congruency, F 1, 27) = 23.66, p ≤.0001, with greater sensitivity in the congruent that in the incongruent condition, but no main effect of, or interaction with, perceptual grouping cues (both ps >.42).
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In vivo vertebral alignment and muscle activation levels differed between the upright and inverted conditions.
The interaction between the upright and inverted conditions for the different target types was not significant (F 29) = 1.38, p = 0.25), although as seen in Figure 2, the main effect of inversion was driven by the biological motion condition.
However, when asked to describe the action performed by the model, some differences appeared between the Upright and Inverted conditions.
The participants were randomly assigned to the upright and inverted face conditions.
By inverting the condition in Remark 3.2, we see that ({mathcal A}) is not algebraically amenable if and only if there exists (varepsilon > 0) and finite subset ({mathcal F}subset {mathcal A}), such that for any nonzero finite dimensional linear subspace (W subset {mathcal A}), we have begin{aligned} frac{dim ({mathcal F}W +W)}{dim (W)} > 1+varepsilon.
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