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Even in larger resection specimens, the presence of invasion may sometimes be elusive if the invasive element lacks paradoxical maturation characterized by prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm that may undergo either central or individual cell keratinzation, well developed cell borders, and large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
The invasive element and the recent development of endocavitary CEUS mean direct comparative studies with non-invasive techniques have not been performed in many areas such as with MR imaging.
We speculate that the palindromic repeats in V. carteri descended from a single invasive element, perhaps first seeded in V. carteri through the lateral gene transfer of a mitochondrial intron, eventually spreading to the ptDNA through mitochondrial-to-plastid DNA migration.
Koll et al. [ 33] propose that the mobility of an ultra-short invasive element in the mtDNA of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is instigated by a group-II-intron-encoded reverse transcriptase; they also suggest that an intron-encoded endonuclease generates the 3'-hydroxyl required for reverse transcription.
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Invasive Elements.
Since the IGR-NB8 cell line is a non-metastatic cell-line we were concerned that it may lack essential invasive elements, thereby masking a potential metastasis-promoting effect of CXCR4.
In many bacteria and archaea, these hypervariable loci take up genetic material from invasive elements and build up inheritable DNA-encoded immunity over time by targeting virus or plasmid nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner [36].
First, new spacer sequences are acquired from invasive elements that are incorporated into the CRISPR array.
Each spacer can provide specific immunity to invasive elements that carry the same or a similar sequence.
Gene silencing by DNA methylation is a natural defense mechanism against viruses, transposons and other form of "invasive elements" [ 47, 48, 50].
Although domains II, III and IV may enhance splicing efficiency, they are not strictly required for catalysis, making them hospitable sites for invasive elements.
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