E. coli strains isolated from individuals with IBD are often adherent and invasive, displaying pathogenic properties (Baumgart et al., 2007; Darfeuille-Michaud et al., 2004; Darfeuille-Michaud et al., 1998; Elliott et al., 2013).
These lesions were non-invasive, displayed an increased mitotic index, low nuclear grade (Fig 4L) and cells grew either in a micro-papillary (Fig 4J) or solid (Fig 4K and L) growth pattern.
As almost all invasive ants display widespread unicoloniality in their introduced ranges, our findings are particularly relevant for our understanding of the biology of these damaging invaders.
Tumour cells located at the invasive front display increased nuclear β-catenin accumulation, suggesting that this nonrandom intracellular distribution earmarks and underlies tumour heterogeneity and malignancy.
Interestingly, although Western European invasive populations display a contribution of biocontrol genes estimated around 40% [ 23, 24], these invasive populations showed a significantly higher propensity for cannibalism than biocontrol populations.
These invasive cells display several of the 'secondary structures of Scherer': (i) perineuronal satellitosis, (ii) perivascular satellitosis, (iii) subpial spread and (iv) invasion along the white matter tracts (Burger et al., 2002).
The one exception to this pattern was MDA-MB-435S-F/Taxol-10p4p, with the invasive populations displaying the greatest motility and invasion.
Dysregulated expression of transcription factors, such as Notch1, Slug, Snail, Twist or Zeb1 has been described in invasive tumors displaying EMT; these markers are therefore designated as "EMT master genes".
In contrast to Europe, other invasive populations displayed reduced genetic diversity and a trend towards increased within-population FIS indices compared to the native area.
The SCPs, isolated from the originally invasive line, displayed differential tissue tropism and affinity for specific secondary targets (lung, bone, adrenal glands) correlated with differential gene expression patterns [12], [13].
