Land ownership was affected by both riverbank erosion and inundation duration as reported by the respondents.
Cottonwood and willow only established in wetted, cleared treatments, and establishment was variable in these treatments due to variable site conditions and inundation duration and timing.
This paper investigates the impact of differing road development strategies in floodplains for increasing levels of road expansion, focusing on hydraulic characteristics of floods such as water level, velocity and inundation duration and extent.
Conversely, above certain thresholds for inundation duration, frequency, volume, and depth, germination rates will decrease (e.g., Gurnell and others 2007).
The S-FRESI composition (according to the resilience definition adopted) combines: the hazard characteristics and the system exposure and susceptibility, to represent flood resistance mapped over time; the ability for material recovery from losses caused by inundation, considering the income variable; and the functional capacity of the drainage system, represented by the flood duration.
Significant interactions whereby increased temperature and increased flood duration (d.f. = 10, F = 3.59, P < 0.001), and increased flood duration and later development stage at inundation (d.f. = 5, F = 9.03, P < 0.001) resulted in greater mortality were apparent.
A significant interaction whereby increased temperature and increased flood duration resulted in greater mortality was apparent (d.f. = 10, F = 2.20, P = 0.019), but interaction for increased temperature and development stage at inundation was marginally non-significant (d.f. = 2, F = 2.75, P = 0.066).
The development of an acceptable index or attenuation rate for coastal flooding is complicated by the many factors that contribute to maximum surge elevation, inundation extent and duration, including storm characteristics (e.g. track, size, forward speed, duration, central low pressure) and local features including topo-bathymetry, land-cover, barrier islands, channels, lagoons and inlets.
This is a hypothetical flood event in which key parameters, including the duration of inundation, extent of direct damage, and timing of reconstruction processes, are calibrated to the 2011 floods, based on the available literature (ADB 2012a; IRITWG 2012) and expert interviews (Ministry of Public Works and Transportation 2014).
The duration of inundation is governed by the period of the tsunami wave.
Wetland designers need to take these factors into account to avoid excessive depth and duration of inundation.
