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This introduced population is known to be from the same introduction source as those in this study, but exists outside of the native California Tiger Salamander range.
When there is a single introduction source, e.g. infested plant material from a single supplier, even isolated populations experiencing no gene flow will not show genetic differentiation, since all populations will share the same alleles present in the source [ 70].
When hybridization occurs as the result of introductions of an exotic species, the evolutionary outcomes are somewhat modified because ongoing gene flow from the introduction source is limited or absent [ 9, 10].
Anthropogenic landscapes may serve as an introduction source (Fitzpatrick and Shaffer 2007), facilitate colonization (Culley and Hardiman 2009) by both parental species, or promote conditions that alter the relative fitness of parental species and hybrids (Martin et al. 2006), any of which could affect the extent and direction of gene exchange.
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Associations between particular host plant species and genetic structure of T. vaporariorum populations might alternatively reflect different introduction sources, as well as varying frequencies of repeated introductions [ 69].
For example, for highly structured populations multiple introduction events from a single population may lead to lower overall diversity than a single introduction sourced from numerous structured native range populations [ 16].
As discussed in the introduction, control (source) inputs of drug delivery systems for physiological and pharmacological processes are usually constrained to be nonnegative as are the system states.
We studied the population genetics of L. leucozonium by quantifying genetic variation at six microsatellite loci [18] in 254 females from 12 NA populations, and one French population expected to be typical of the introduction's source (Table S1).
Previously published L. leucozonium mtDNA sequences from France and NA are nearly identical [58] and all 40 COI sequences obtained for this study perfectly matched the previously published French haplotype as well as the haplotype found in our 18 French bees, supporting the view that our French sample is typical of the introduction's source population.
Currently available metagenomic data sets allow for gene transfer potential, ARG potential, and pathogenicity potential to be included in the index, although future introduction of source tracking data will enrich the approach.
We noted in the introduction that source-type diagrams can be useful for inversion, because we sometimes need to constrain the source type itself (e.g., Ford et al. 2010; Nayak and Dreger 2015).
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