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It was actively introduced in the 1970s and 1980s by governments and development professionals in East Africa to provide fuelwood and regenerate arid regions (Odour and Githioni 2013; Muturi 2012; Muanda et al. 2009; Mwangi and Swallow 2005), although in Ethiopia there is a lack of clear documentation relating to its exact introduction pathway (Mehari 2015).
In analysis 1, we dealt with the introduction pathway for the first recorded outbreak in eastern North America in 1988, with native populations (either from biocontrol or accidental introduction) and/or the European biocontrol population as potential sources, thereby defining three competing scenarios (see Fig. S1).
This introduction pathway was evaluated using a stochastic risk simulation model.
A very important introduction pathway is creating demand by developing capacity to use the technology in health facilities.
We propose a Europe-to-Australia introduction pathway as the most likely source of the Australian supercolony.
An introduction pathway was constructed to detail all the steps required for AHSV to be successfully released and become established in France (Fig. 1).
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The first hurdle for invasive phytopathogenic fungi is to arrive in the new range by exploiting introduction pathways [16].
Despite this detrimental effect, the population biology of the fungus outside Europe is virtually unknown [43] [45] and, unlike apple, its origin and introduction pathways are not documented.
Most of our knowledge about introduction pathways of invasive species relies on historical and observational data, which are often sparse, incomplete and sometimes misleading.
Monitoring and predicting the effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations.
Both Japanese knotweed and mugwort are perennial geophytes with long histories of human use, but contrasting primary introduction pathways to North America [12].
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