World Bank directives for the introduction of structural adjustment programmes in 1986 had severe and lasting negative effects on the economy (Babawale 2007).
It is evident that the introduction of structural adjustment programs in the mid-1980s coupled with recurrent economic crises in West African countries has drastically affected all socioeconomic groups (Ekpo 1992; Ezenwe 1997).
This was further worsened by the introduction of the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in the late 1980s which among other things included cost sharing in health and education and was also accompanied by job cuts in the public sector [ 18, 19].
Corresponding to this pattern Preyra [ 24] showed that the introduction of a complexity adjustment to a Case Mix Groups (CMG) system (which is a Canadian adaptation of DRGs) resulted in a significant increase of the hospital case mix variance without concomitant changes in morbidity or resource use.
The effects on Iberia's staff are ferocious: 23 per cent of jobs will go, and the remaining 15,500 staff will be expected to deliver improved productivity and accept "the introduction of permanent salary adjustments".
The results of the Poisson regression model indicated a marked reduction of incidence in sporadic cryptosporidiosis following introduction of membrane filtration after adjustment for the FMD epidemic interval and water source (Table 5).
It is demonstrated that the introduction of phase compensator separates the adjustment of phase from the adjustment of power for the mode convertors so that relaxes fabrication tolerances of such devices.
This is due to a greater flexibility of adjustment obtained with the introduction of the new parameter.
Activity in 2000 has undergone a period of adjustment due to the introduction of new financial accounting systems and the decentralization of project operations to country offices and technical units, with consequent structural and procedural changes.
Although the introduction of time-varying covariates, and adjustment for other factors, would be expected to attenuate the bias somewhat, we cannot exclude the possibility that our results are influenced by unmeasured confounders.
This means: no modifications of the benefit formula, such as shifting to price-indexing over wage-indexing; no alterations of the Consumer Price Index, which determines annual cost-of-living adjustments; no introduction of means-testing, which would dilute the value of Social Security to higher-income retirees; and no increase in the normal retirement age.
