Both allow for the introduction and selection of vectors carrying the yeast selectable markers TRP1, LEU2, and URA3.
In our system, California wild radish (Raphanus sativus), genetic diversity, time since introduction, and selection are all likely sufficient for adaptive response, but the relative strength of various evolutionary forces is not known.
Determination of the genomic regions affected by, and the extent of fixation and LD caused by the domestication, introduction, and selection bottlenecks on a large population scale are fundamental information related to the future genetic improvement of soybean.
The brief introduction and parameter selection about these three tools were described in supplementary material.
Hence, under the hypothesis of a single introduction and spread, selection would have occurred on European populations of C. gigas for about 40 generations.
Elizabeth Hun Schmidt's reverse chronology – from current laureate WS Merwin back to Joseph Auslander in 1937 – provides a comprehensive overview via generous biographical introductions to, and selections of poetry from, the 43 holders of the post including Lowell, Bishop, William Carlos Williams, Frost, Brodsky and, proving there are no hard feelings towards the old country, Stephen Spender.
Since this study is cross-sectional and not a temporal series we do not know with certainty what the Daphnia phenotypic states in the fish lakes were prior to fish introductions and subsequent selection.
Limitations of the study include the possible introduction of selection and misclassification biases, and the possibility of confounding that may distort the true associations between variables of interest.
Both editors use their introductions and their selections - from the works of explorers, scientists, nature scribes and novelists over the past 200 years - to sound a powerful lament for the polar regions.
Although the selection of controls remains a challenge [ 14], we preferred to use population-based subjects as controls instead of using patients at risk, because the former minimize the introduction of selection and Berkson bias [ 15, 16] without sacrificing genotype compliance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations and therefore provide an additional quality control on genotyping.
Moreover, additional modifications to this regulatory gene delivery system, such as the introduction of specific cloning sites and selection markers, have been designed with the idea of creating a simplified and universal inducible system to facilitate the generation of conditional transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in animals.
