Also, given the high frequency in the data and the sample restrictions considered, all individuals appear more than once, so I do not lose observations when introducing worker fixed-effects.18.18
The state pioneered many social reforms: It was the first to introduce workers' compensation, in 1911; unemployment insurance, in 1932; and public employee bargaining, in 1959.
The prime minister had already performed linguistic gymnastics to recast her promise to introduce workers' representatives on boards; it turned out that her idea didn't involve actual workers on actual boards, just mechanisms for their "voices" to be heard.
This indicates that our manipulation of social state (peer/established) impacted the reproduction of the introduced workers, and thus their ability to achieve reproductive dominance.
We collected data on ovarian activation in 83 introduced workers (65 peer and 15 experienced groups), monitored the behavior in 56 groups (27 peer and 27 experienced groups), and quantified vg in the heads of 15 introduced workers (only peer groups), and in the abdominal fat bodies of 68 workers (53 peer and 15 experienced groups).
Bees from all three treatments were introduced into a young queenright colony (containing a viable queen and before the competition phase); all the introduced workers were accepted to the host colonies with no evidence for aggression.
However, these studies did not compare the body sizes of native and introduced workers originating from populations established in different habitats (i.e., natural versus human-modified habitats, as in this study).
As additional control, we used another 3 colonies from which we created only untreated groups, either peer (n = 15 groups) or experienced (n = 16 groups), and kept the introduced workers for 7 days in order to test for any long term differences in ovarian activation of the workers that were introduced into these two groups.
However, the amount of aggression that the introduced workers received was comparable, irrespective of the group type into which they were introduced to (Nested ANOVA, treatment in nested in group-type: f(4,48) = 0.67, p = 0.61; for group-type only: f(1,48) = 1.14, p = 0.29).
The introduced workers in each of the group types were assigned randomly to one of the following treatments: untreated control, treated with 5ul of dimethylformamide (solvent control, DMF, J.T Backer cat: 7032), or treated with 100 μg JH dissolved in 5 μl DMF (JH-III, Sigma, cat J2000, purity ≥ 65%).
