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Fixed budgets have been introduced top-down with some flexibility on department levels.
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We also show that various new functions can be realized by, for example, introducing top-down connections to the neocognitron: mechanism of selective attention, recognition and completion of partly occluded patterns, restoring occluded contours, and so on.
Ed Miliband said the prime minister had closed walk-in centres, introduced a top-down reorganisation and "only a Labour government" could save the NHS.
"I don't think the answer is to introduce a top-down government administered scheme that risks becoming a bureaucratic nightmare without positive results," he added.
Economists on the other side of the debate emphasize the need for the European Union as a whole to come together to introduce big top-down actions.
The prime minister promised before the 2010 election not to introduce any "top-down reorganisations" of the NHS; to say he, Andrew Lansley and Nick Clegg lack an electoral mandate for the bill is an understatement.
This study introduces a top-down strategy for model evaluation and selection under uncertainty in which watershed model structures with increasing complexity are applied to twelve watersheds across a hydro-climatic gradient within the United States (US).
It is important to note that the vision statement was not introduced as a "top-down" mandate.
Conflicting interpretations of sustainability, in combination with a simplistic understanding and agency introduced from the top-down, has eliminated waste minimization as the main outcome of the directive.
They have introduced a preliminary top-down optimization of the full system and a following bottom up optimization of the internal components.
Over the last decades, new geometric modelling approaches have been introduced to promote top-down or bottom-up modelling strategies even both in various engineering domains, therefore facilitating collaboration and knowledge integration.
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