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We introduced mutant CD98hc protein into mice.
As an additional test of the role of ERGIC in autophagosome formation, we introduced mutant forms of the SAR1A GTPase to inhibit the generation of COPII vesicles.
Mathematical formalisms of this 2-step view represent evolution in terms of events that follow origin-fixation dynamics, characterized by the product of (1) the rate at which some mutant type is introduced into a population and (2) the chance that a newly introduced mutant of that type will go to fixation.
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To examine selective pressures on modeled picophytoplankton nitrogen use abilities, we simulated picophytoplankton growth in the global ocean, introduced mutants lacking the ability to use specific nitrogen compounds, and studied the fate of these mutants.
The possibility of unsuccessful As-dmtA expression in the transformants was excluded by RT-PCR amplification of mRNA prepared from the As-dmtA introduced mutants (Fig. 4C).
We further increased production of early benzylisoquinoline scaffolds by 160-fold through introducing mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, an optimized plant norcoclaurine synthase variant, and optimizing culture conditions.
Mouse models have shown that introducing mutant Kras throughout the pancreas beginning in embryogenesis results in many pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) [8] that are thought to be the precursors of PDAC [9].
Consequently, these stocks have been refractile to traditional genetic analysis such as introducing mutant alleles and transgenes into the stock.
Here we have focused on introducing mutant alleles and transgenes in C(2 EN but these techniques can be readily applied to other compound stocks as well.
At generation, we introduce mutant factor SPC into the population at a frequency of, equivalent to a single heterozygous mutation in one individual at a population size of n= 1,000.
This suggests that increased activity in Tc1 animals is not only precipitated by introducing mutant animals to a novel environment, as in the open field, but is expressed as an unprovoked behaviour in the familiar surroundings of the home cage.
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