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For assessment of the systematic bias introduced by reporting behavior, see Adjustment for Potential Confounders in the Results section.
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To eliminate the variation introduced by differing reporting patterns and to capture asymptomatic or subclinical infection, inferential methods can be applied to serological data sets instead of case reporting data.
This is problematic for a number of reasons, primarily related to errors introduced by inaccurate reporting or recall of exposures.
Finally, since having multiple sexual partners was self-reported, the possible bias introduced by under-reporting must be noted.
It is difficult to assess the potential bias introduced by self-reporting.
Finally, the possible bias introduced by under-reporting should be noted, since missing data was disproportionately high (up to 20%) in questions related to sexual behaviors.
A quantitative measure of average cigarettes per day was available in this study, but was deemed less-reliable than the discrete trait, owing to bias introduced by self-report [ 28].
Discrepancies between reported findings may be related to the differential response of specific cells and tissues, treatment dose and duration, differing methodological and analytical methods, and bias introduced by the authors when reporting only subsets of differentially expressed genes.
We are encouraged that modern FAERS data do not appear to suffer from the biases that would be introduced by significant shifts in reporting owing to the issuance of FDA alerts.
A scheme introduced by a 2005 report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. distinguishes between two categories: scattered-near (i.e. typical SDOs) and scattered-extended (i.e. detached objects).
Limitations of our study include the potential biases introduced by the self-report of health conditions and level of physical activity.
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