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However, the inherent flexibility of the "elbow" regions, which link the constant and variable domains of the Fab, can introduce disorder and thus diminish their effectiveness.
The desirable property of copper poor and zinc rich in CZTS thin films introduces several point defects and secondary and tertiary phases irrespective of growth techniques and growth conditions; these defects and the phases introduce disorder in the lattice.
The nanoparticles in nanocomposites introduce disorder into the adjacent matrix, leading to formation of interphase zones surrounding the filler, which show different properties from bulk matrix and nanoparticles [17 19].
The semi-permeable compartment walls introduce disorder in a restricted temporal range of scales determined by their spatial structure.
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The mixed phase Ce-oxide with Ce3+/Ce4+ introduced disorder in the surface layers of nanostructure as well.
This process, called doping, changes the number of electrons in the material to enable the flow of electricity, but also introduces disorder into the lattice structure that can hinder the electrons' movement and cause them to become "stuck," or localized.
In addition, there are already niche applications where MgB2 may offer clear advantage over Nb alloys or high temperature superconductors particularly if the upper critical field and the vortex pinning can be significantly increased by introducing disorder into the material.
Ion-implanted c-plane and a-plane GaN exhibit significant differences in damage accumulation simultaneously with post-implantation annealing, inducing a different structural reorganization of the GaN structure in the buried layer depending on the introduced disorder level, i.e. depending on the ion-implantation fluence and ion mass.
Therefore it misaligns the lattice and introduces disorder.
Note that the inevitable disorder appearing in d is here neglected because its effect would be to introduce a disorder in the coupling energies, which are too small to be taken into account.
Such fluctuations are expected to introduce dynamic disorder of the O/T mixed phase in an otherwise ordered T phase at temperatures above the SPT [11].
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