These include bowel obstruction, fistulation, intractable bleeding or secondary cancers.
However, for those who survive the acute stage, the late complications of corrosive gastric injury include intractable pain, gastric outlet obstruction, late achlorhydria, protein-losing gastroenteropathy, mucosal metaplasia, and development of carcinoma [ 3, 14].
Patients with malignant gastric outlet or duodenal obstruction exhibit gastric distension, intractable vomiting and complete food intolerance leading to severely impaired quality of life.
Local recurrence can be associated with intractable pelvic pain, tenesmus, mucinous discharge and intestinal obstruction, and few patients can be saved [1].
In particular, this approach may provide additional palliation by reducing intractable neuropathic pain, local bleeding, and gastric outlet obstruction, all of which are otherwise difficult management problems.
Besides, there are also reports that no or non-significant deficiencies of smooth musculature morphology occur in intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Hirschsprung's disease, and idiopathic intractable constipation (Gamba et al. 2004; Knowles et al. 2004; van den Berg et al. 2009).
Biliary obstruction may cause jaundice often associated with intractable pruritus.
Also surgical proctocolectomy, although a good solution for patients with intractable disease or neoplasia, has several limitations including pouchitis, postoperative obstruction, frequent stools, and reduced female fecundity.
These swellings may cause airway obstruction if they occur in the upper airway and severe, intractable pain associated with significant fluid shifts and hypotension if they occur in the abdominal viscera.
