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Each of the three major domains that constitute a botulinum toxin has a specific function within the intoxication process and, thanks to the input of many researchers in the last 10 15 years, is now understood in much more detail.
Since PA20 is cleaved from the remainder of the monomer rapidly following cell surface binding and has no known role in the intoxication process, the immunodominance of PA20-associated epitopes may directly affect the efficacy of PA-based anthrax vaccines.
Furthermore, heat shock prevents LMP and protects macrophages from lysis even when applied late in the intoxication process [51].
Even though both GTPases can be modified and inactivated by the clostridial glucosylating toxins, with the exception of the lethal toxin that does not modify RhoA, their requirement in initial stages of the intoxication process is still conceivable.
Although the specific mechanism resulting in enterocyte death is still controversial [8], commonly accepted steps in the intoxication process include solubilization of the crystal toxin and activation by the insect gut fluids.
Thus long exposures to proteasome inhibitors and ricin may not be appropriate for testing the role of the proteasome in the intoxication process.
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Intoxication processes involve highly specialized steps of great complexity.
The effects of methylenedioxyphenyl insecticide synergists on human health arise, not from their intrinsic toxicity which is relatively low, but from their dual effect on the oxidative detoxication or intoxication processes of the body.
Pest Control, his agents who authenticate his work, promptly confirmed to the Guardian that the work is genuine – despite their warning "because many Banksy pieces are created in an advanced state of intoxication the authentication process can be lengthy and challenging" – and that the school has framed the note.
He opened 1917 by setting an altitude record of 26,000 feet in the Triplane while testing a prototype oxygen set; he endured frostbite and oxygen intoxication in the process.
Pest Control, the group responsible for authenticating Banksy's work, confirmed to The Guardian that both the note and the mural are legit, adding, that, "because many Banksy pieces are created in an advanced state of intoxication the authentication process can be lengthy and challenging".
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