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Claudia Card describes the harm of evil as an intolerable harm.
By an intolerable harm, Card means a harm that makes life not worth living from the point of view of the person whose life it is.
For instance, Todd Calder has argued that an institution should be considered evil only if intolerable harm is an essential component of the institution.
According to Card, marriage and motherhood are evil institutions because it is reasonably foreseeable that their normal, or correct, operation will lead to intolerable harm in the form of domestic abuse without justification or excuse (Card 2002, 139 165).
Card argues that there is no moral justification for the intolerable harm that results from the institution of marriage since nothing prevents us from abolishing marriage in favour of other less dangerous institutions.
According to Claudia Card, an institution, in sense (2), i.e., a social practice, is evil if it is reasonably foreseeable that intolerable harm will result from its normal or correct operation without justification or moral excuse (2002, 20; 2010, 18, 27 35).
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Card's theory of evil is "that evils are reasonably foreseeable intolerable harms produced by inexcusable wrongs" (Card 2010, 16).
Critics argue that even if Card is correct that it is reasonably foreseeable that the institution of marriage will lead to intolerable harms, it is too heavy-handed to call marriage an evil institution.
Examples of intolerable harms include severe physical or mental suffering as well as the deprivation of basics such as food, clean drinking water, and social contact (Card 2002, 16).
His emphasis is largely humanitarian; it also arises from his belief, as a scientist, that the only way to meet the world's projected energy needs without causing intolerable environmental harm will be to work, in effect, from the bottom up — an approach that's very different from the ones that dominate energy research.
"These delays are intolerable and could harm both the regional economy and the airline industry," she said in a statement.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com