Fungal species can be grouped into three significantly different specificity classes: photobiont specialists, intermediates and generalists.
Frankia strains are classified into four host-specificity groups (HSGs), each of which exhibits a distinct host range.
Frankia strains are classified into four host-specificity groups (HSGs) that establish symbiosis with distinct host plant families [ 4]. "Alnus" strains infect plant species in Myricaceae and the genus Alnus of Betulaceae.
It is known that smooth Brucella LPS contains O-polysaccharide (OPS) moiety, which has been divided into seven epitopic specificities: A, M, C (M > A), C (A = M), C/Y (M > A), C/Y (A = M), and C/Y (A > M) [ 20, 21].
The TCR reactivity toward the peptide-length variants was classified into three types: mutually exclusive specificity toward (1) RY11 or (2) VY8 and (3) cross-recognition toward RM9 and RY11.
We classified the larval host plant specificity into three classes: (1) monophages, i.e. species that feed on a single plant species; (2) oligophages, i.e. species that are restricted to one genus of food plants; and (3) polyphages, i.e., species that feed on one or more than one family of food plants.
Therefore, reads that aligned to the MAC were sorted into three categories of mapping specificity: reads fully aligned to the MAC (50,057), reads with some internal discontinuity or mismatch that could have resulted from cloned DNA rearrangement (27,002), and reads aligned to the MAC from one end only with a nonmapping >10 bp terminal extension at the other end (12,037; File S1).
We partition phage specificity into two indices (Bever 2002): the specificity of associations, which relates to the 'degree' of a species, i.e. the number of different bacterial hosts it exploits (Schoener 1989), and the specificity of impacts, i.e. the skew in the distribution of link strengths.
For this purpose, we modified MedDRA's hierarchical organization that groups terms into four levels of specificity: System Organ Classes (SOCs, 26), High-Level Group Terms (HLGTs), HigHigh-Levelrms (HLTs), and Preferred Terms (PTs).
After detecting and characterizing the trend (as in the first three questions above), one may investigate the reasons for the trend from perspectives focused on several levels of explanation; these are classified in this article into three distinct categories of increasing specificity (Table 1).
