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Three hours before arrival at the lab, participants ingested a disposable core temperature capsule (Jonah, Hidalgo, Cambridge, UK) to measure intestinal temperature.
Since both rectal and intestinal temperature react slower to a changing body temperature than esophageal temperature (Byrne and Lim 2007), using these methods may limit our findings.
16 Combined with the reduced intestinal blood flow and high intestinal temperature during exercise-heat stress, commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin) can further increase gastrointestinal permeability and intestinal barrier dysfunction, prompting endotoxin leakage.
Intestinal temperature was measured using an ingestible telemetry pill (HQ, Palmetto, FL), and mean skin temperature was obtained using a wired thermocouple system TC-20000, Systemsystems) from standard weightings of chest, abdomen, thigh, and calf temperatures (38).
Intestinal temperature increased progressively in both trials but was higher at the end of exercise in the dehydration trial compared with the control trial (38.7 ± 0.1 vs. 38.2 ± 0.2°C, P < 0.05; Table 1).
Internal jugular venous blood temperature mirrored the rise in intestinal temperature in the dehydration trial (see Fig. 4 B ). Mean skin temperature was maintained throughout exercise in both dehydration and control trials (∼32.8 and ∼32.6°C; Table 1).
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Furthermore, factors affecting the tropism and host-microbe interactions, such as intestinal pH, body temperature, bile acids, peristalsis, mucosal immune response receptors, and internal synergy, exert a pivoting role in shaping the composition of bacterial population [ 8, 9].
As quercetin is insoluble in water, it simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid at room temperature (7.7, 5.4, and 28.87 μg · mL-1, respectively) [37].
Briefly, segments of small intestine were washed in sterile medium twice and incubated with a 1.25% trypsin 0.5 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution at room temperature before intestinal crypts were isolated by incubating with media containing collagenase type IV (200 U/mL).
The well-established CAI was calculated as the sum of the scores of seven variables (number of weekly stools, bloody stools, abdominal pain, general well-being, body temperature, extra-intestinal manifestations, erythrocyte sedimentation rate/haemoglobin).
Edul et al. [ 35] also found no correlation between the finger to core temperature difference and the intestinal microcirculation, whereas abnormal intestinal microcirculation alterations correlated with increased mortality.
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