Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was originally isolated as a vasodilator intestinal peptide, then as a neuropeptide.
But the other four -- vasoactive intestinal peptide (V.I.P ., calcitonin-related gene peptide (C.G.R.P ., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (B.D.N.F).
Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates extracellular adenosine levels in rat cortical cultures.
Dorsam, G., Voice, J., Kong, Y. & Goetzl, E.J. Vasoactive intestinal peptide mediation of development and functions of T lymphocytes.
Achalasia is usually caused by degeneration of the postganglionic inhibitory nitric oxide/vasoactive intestinal peptide neurons in the myenteric plexus.
Schroeder, A., Loh, D. H., Jordan, M. C., Roos, K. P. & Colwell, C. S. Circadian regulation of cardiovascular function: a role for vasoactive intestinal peptide.
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor VPAC1 is a GPCR that is abundantly expressed in the brain, liver, lung and intestine.
Caughey, G. H., Leidig, F., Viro, N. F. & Nadel, J. A. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation by mast cell tryptase and chymase.
Sorg, O. & Magistretti, P. J. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and noradrenaline exert long-term control on glycogen levels in astrocytes: blockade by protein synthesis inhibition.
Among those peptides known to affect synaptic transmission are substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and the opioid peptides.
"Toll-like receptor stimulation differentially regulates vasoactive intestinal peptide type 2 receptor in macrophages". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 13 (9b): 3209-3213.
